Summary and Bibliography of Chapter 7

1. Reaction equilibria can be shifted by use of biphasic systems. This may be utilised by enzyme technologists so long as their enzymes are stable within such systems.
2. LogP is the best measure of the polarity of a solution for use in enzymic reactions.
3.  Kinetic control may be preferred to thermodynamic control in some enzymic syntheses.

References and Bibliography

1. Carrea, G., Riva, S., Bovara, R. & Pasta, P. (1988). Enzymatic oxidoreduction of steroids in two-phase systems: effects of organic solvents on enzyme kinetics and evaluation of the performance of different reactors. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 10, 333-340.
2. Deetz, J.S. & Rozzell, J.D. (1988). Enzyme-catalysed reactions in non-aqueous media. Trends in Biotechnology, 6, 15-19.
3. Klibanov, A.M. (1986). Enzymes that work in organic solvents. CHEMTECH, 16, 354-359.
4. Laane, C., Boeren, S., Vos, K. & Veeger, C. (1987). Rules for optimization of biocatalysts in organic solvents. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 30, 81-87.
5. Lilly, M.D. (1982). Two-liquid-phase biocatalytic reactions. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 32, 162-169.
6. Luisi, P.L. & Laane, C. (1986). Solubilization of enzymes in apolar solvents via reverse micelles. Trends in Biotechnology, 4, 153-160.
7. Martinek, K. & Semenov, A.N. (1981). Enzymic synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems. 2. Shift in ionic equilibria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 658ES70, 90-101.
8. Martinek, K., Semenov, A.N. & Berezin, I.V. (1981). Enzymic synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems. 1. Chemical equilibrium shift. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 658, 76-89.
9. Morihara, K. (1987). Using proteases in peptide synthesis. Trends in Biotechnology, 5, 164-170.
10. Nilsson, K.G.I. (1988). Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides.  Trends in Biotechnology, 6, 256-264.
11. Rekker, R.F. & de Kort, H.M. (1979). The hydrophobic fragmental constant; an extension to a 1000 data point set. European J. Medicinal Chemistry, 14, 479-488.
12. Visuri, K. & Klibanov, A.M. (1987). Enzymic production of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). containing 55% fructose in aqueous ethanol. Biotechnology and Biopengineering, 30, 917-920.
13. Zaks, A., Empie, M. & Gross, A. (1988).Potentially commercial enzymatic processes for the fine and specialty chemical industries. Trends in Biotechnology, 6, 272-275.
14. Zaks, A. & Klibanov, A.M. (1984). Enzymic catalysis in organic media at 100°C. Science, 224, 1249-1251.
15. Zaks, A. & Klibanov, A.M. (1985). Enzyme-catalyzed processess in organic solvents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 82, 3192-3196.