Summary and Bibliography of Chapter 2

1.  Enzymes may be prepared from many sources but most are obtained by the fermentation of micro-organisms.
2. The industrial use of enzymes depends on their effectiveness, cost and safety.
3. The rate of enzyme released by any mechanical homogenisation of cells is normally proportional to the amount of enzyme available.
4. Centrifugation is generally used for the collection of solid enzymic material whereas filtration is preferred for liquid enzyme recovery. Aqueous biphasic systems are becoming more commonly encountered in enzyme recovery operations.
5. Preparation of industrial enzymes involves the minimum number of purification stages that is compatible with their use. Extensive purification is a very expensive process. Care must be taken over the prevention of inactivation during enzyme preparation.
6. Enzymes offered for sale must be as stable as may be necessary and safe to handle.

References and Bibliography

1. Anon (1986). A strategy for protein purification. Separation News. 13.6, pp 1-6. Uppsala, Sweden: Pharmacia.
2. Atkinson, T., Scawen, M.D. & Hammond, P.M. (1987). Large scale industrial techniques of enzyme recovery. In Biotechnology, vol. 7a, Enzyme technology, ed. J.F.Kennedy. pp 279-323. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
3. Barker, S.A. (1982). New approaches to enzyme stabilisation. In Topics in enzyme and fermetation biotechnology, vol. 6, ed. A.Wiseman. pp 68-78. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood Ltd.
4. Bonnerjea, J., Oh, S., Hoare, M. & Dunnill, P. (1986). Protein purification: The right step at the right time. Biotechnology 4, 954-958. 
5. Booth, A.G. (1987). Protein purification: A stategic approach. Oxford, UK: IRL Press Ltd. (This is a computer aided learning package suitable for IBM computers)
6. Cejka, A. (1985). Preparation of media. In Biotechnology, vol. 2, Fundamentals of biochemical engineering, ed. H. Brauer. pp 629-698. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
7. Cheetham, P.S.J. (1987). Screening for novel biocatalysts. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9, 194-213.
8. Chisti, Y. & Moo-Young, M. (1986). Disruption of microbial cells for intracellular products. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 8, 194-204. 
9. Kula, M-R. (1985). Recovery operations. In Biotechnology, vol. 2, Fundamentals of biochemical engineering, ed. H. Brauer. pp 725-760. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 
10. Noordervliet, P.F. & Toet, D.A. (1987). Safety in enzyme technology. In Biotechnology, vol. 7a, Enzyme technology, ed. J.F.Kennedy. pp 711-741. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
11. Strathmann, H. (1985). Membranes and membrane processes in biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 3, 112-118.bp